What can
Italy and the Eurozone crisis-countries do to fight persistent deflationary
tendencies, in the face of the ECB failing to reach its 2% inflation target through
QE? ECB president Mario Draghi has announced that the institution is willing to
extend and expand its QE program. But is this the most effective solution?
Bernanke, Friedman, Keynes and helicopter money
In 2002, in
a now famous speech before the National Economists Club in Washington, former
US Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, speaking about stagnation in Japan, recommended
that “A broad-based tax cut, for example,
accommodated by a program of open-market purchases to alleviate any tendency
for interest rates to increase, would almost certainly be an effective
stimulant to consumption and hence to prices. ... A money-financed tax cut is
essentially equivalent to Milton Friedman's famous "helicopter drop"
of money”.
Milton
Friedman, in fact, was not the only economist who thought about pouring money from
helicopters out to people in the streets as the most effective stimulant to a
depressed economy. Keynes himself had written as much provocatively on the subject,
suggesting that in the absence of other measures it would be socially useful
for the public authority to bury bottles filled with banknotes and let
individuals unearth them, thus increasing incomes and jobs via the multiplier
effect. Similar forms of monetary cum
fiscal stimulus – which HM is all about – were thereafter recommended by as
diverse and well-known economists like Henry Simon, Irving Fisher and Abba
Lerner.
Eventually,
the best that Bernanke (and his colleagues from the major central banks) was
able to come up with was QE. Yet QE is not HM. Unlike HM, the money coming from
QE may be issued only in exchange for other assets: it works indirectly through
price effects, and does not add new spending power to the economy. Also, the
money from QE gets into the economy through banks and financial intermediaries,
which can only on-lend it to those few firms and households that during a
depression are willing to borrow and are creditworthy enough. Finally, unlike
HM, the money from QE goes to well-off individuals who are typically less
inclined to spend than those relatively less well off.
In the
Eurozone, the ECB has so far pumped billions of QE money into the banking
systems, but little of it has gone into new lending at more favorable terms to
borrowers.
The
inadequacy of QE has eventually gained new adepts to HM as a more effective
tool. In the UK, the idea has gained traction on the political left with the
proposal for a QE for the people, or QEP, by Jeremy Corbyn, the new leader of
the British Labour Party, according to which the central bank would print money
and purchase bonds issued by a to-be-established National Investment Bank,
which in turn would use the money to fund public infrastructure projects. Under
Corbyn’s proposal the state would direct most of the new monetary stimulus.
Fiscal money
In Italy
and the Eurozone countries, where monetary and fiscal rules would prohibit the
use of HM, we think it is possible to conceive of a policy instrument that is similar
in spirit to HM while being compliant with existing rules. We call it Tax Credit Certificates (TCC). TCC
are issued by the government and entitle their holders to tax rebates
equivalent to TCC face value; holders may exercise their right after two years from
TCC issuance. TCC do not involve a government commitment to repay some future
debt; they commit the government to accept redeemable TCC in exchange for tax
reductions.
The government
assigns TCC (free of charge) to households and enterprises, and uses them also for
certain payments to the public administration. Like government bonds, TCC trade
in the financial market. Their discount is close to that on a two-year
zero-coupon government bond. TCC sellers are households and enterprises that need
immediate liquidity; buyers are households, enterprises and any other subjects
who want to use them to save on taxes.
TCC are allocated
to households in inverse proportion to their income, both for social equity
purposes and to incentivize consumption decisions. To maximize their impact on
demand, TCC could be provided to households through a special fiscal card under
a ‘spend it, or lose it’ constraint, forcing cardholders to spend their
allocations within, say, a year, or face their cancellation. TCC allocations to
enterprises are proportional to their labor costs, and act as labor-cost
cutting devices, immediately improving their competitiveness. Greater export
and import substitution following cost and price reductions not only create
more output and employment, but also offset the impact of increased demand on
the external trade balance. A portion of TCC issuances can be used to support
public utility infrastructure initiatives as well as social welfare programs.
TCC
issuances are calibrated to close the ‘output gap’ caused by the crisis. In the
case of Italy, they could start from a level of 5% of annual GDP, increase
gradually up to 10%, and then be modulated so as to ensure high levels of
employment consistently with domestic (inflation) and external (trade) balance.
Thanks to
the income multiplier, which is particularly high in the case of large resource
underemployment, the expansion of GDP over the two years before TCC redemptions
generates new fiscal revenues sufficient to cover the budgetary impact of redemptions.
Our estimates
[http://temi.repubblica.it/micromega-online/“per-una-moneta-fiscale-gratuita-come-uscire-dallausterita-senza-spaccare-leuro”-online-il-nuovo-ebook-gratuito-di-micromega/] suggest that a multiplier of 0.8
would suffice to ensure fiscal sustainability of the TCC maneuver, meaning that
it would not impact the deficit/GDP ratio.
TCC
issuances can be decided autonomously and democratically by national parliaments
and governments, without requiring prior consent from European institutions. In
fact, since TCC do not create debt and are denominated in euro, they fully comply
with European rules.
Conclusion
The TCC
program stands as a Keynesian type of intervention, centered on the preference for
fiscal policy as a cure to ‘liquidity trap’ diseases, while it draws from HM the
principle of injecting new purchasing into the economy.
Italy and
the Eurozone crisis countries can and must recover using their own strength,
without demanding that most competitive countries, like Germany, come in their
help.
The TCC
program can help governments revamp their economies, while not endangering financial
stability and external balance.